India farmers clash with police, swarm Delhi as protests mount

The farmers, who have camped at various border points around the capital for two months, had permission to demonstrate after the completion of an annual military parade to mark Republic Day, a major public holiday in India. But many gathered early in the day and broke through barricades on the outskirts of the city, prompting police to deploy tear gas in some areas.

Television footage showed thousands of protesters clashing with police in central Delhi before reaching the iconic Red Fort, where Indian prime ministers typically address the nation on the country's independence day in August. It remained unclear if the farmers, many of whom gathered peacefully, would camp out in the middle of Delhi or return to locations outside the city where they had been staying.

"We are talking to the farmers -- we are convincing them to go back," said Depender Pathak, special commissioner of police. "We have faith in farmers. This is an unprecedented situation."

India's federal home ministry suspended mobile internet services in some parts of the city where the protests were most tense. Several metro stations were also shut down.

Farmer leaders called on protesters to stay peaceful, warning that any violence could hurt their cause.

"For the last two months, the entire country and the world has been saying that the peaceful nature of these farmers protests is their strength," said Yogendra Yadav, leader of Sanyukta Kisan Morcha, an umbrella organization of several dozen farm groups leading the protests. "If this peace breaks down, our strength will take a hit."

Leaders of the protests have rejected Modi's offers to temporarily shelve the three laws passed in September that overhauled the way farm goods are sold in the country of more than 1.3 billion people, almost half of whom depend on agriculture for their livelihood. The government has defended the legislation, saying they would eliminate middlemen in state-run wholesale markets, increase earnings for farmers and make India more self-reliant.

The farmers have continued to call on the government to repeal the legislation, which they say will hurt their incomes and leave them vulnerable to big corporations. While Modi's Bharatiya Janata Party has a lock on parliament and doesn't need to call a national vote until 2024, the protests risk hurting his appeal in state elections and could halt momentum for other reforms.

Although the demonstrations have hurt the government, the scenes on Tuesday of unruly farmers may undermine their cause, according to Asim Ali, a New Delhi-based researcher at the Center for Policy Research.

"This was always the danger, and it seems that it has gone out of hand," Ali said. "This is possibly what the ruling party would have liked to see."

The tractor rallies marked the first time the protesting farmers have marched into the capital. They are mostly from the neighboring states of Punjab, Haryana, Uttarakhand and Uttar Pradesh. But they have also found support in other Indian cities, including financial centers Mumbai and Bangalore, where protest marches have also taken place.

"More than a 100,000 people with tractors have gathered here and we expect more to join us," said Manjit Rai, 57, a farm leader coordinating entry at one of the half-dozen entry points into the capital. "People are enthusiastic about the celebrations and we are determined that we will peacefully continue to make our case."