"The demands of right-wing extremists have nothing to do with social cohesion, social justice, fair globalisation or solidarity," DGB leader Reiner Hoffmann said, referring to the congress of the populist Alternative for Germany (AfD) party also taking place in the city over the weekend.
In particular, he criticised the party's anti-refugee propaganda.
The DGB rally also addressed the abuse of temporary work contracts by employers.
Some 390,000 people attended more than 500 trade union events across the country, according to the DGB.
Following a DGB rally in the northern city of Hamburg, around 100 protesters attacked police, pelting officers with stones and bottles.
- DPA